Public procurement analysis
A single offer in public procurement. How widely do sectors differ?
An analysis of 1,761 single-lot procedures in basic modes, identified from 7,084 unique notices in the Polish Public Procurement Bulletin (BZP).
Reporting period: 2 Nov 2026 — 8 Nov 2026
Snapshot identity: sha256:936452d942a25aaecf409e257af6061ddeaae5606404adf88ee85389005d3538
Sector comparison: medical equipment (CPV 33) and construction (CPV 45)
The figures are the share of eligible single-lot procedures in basic modes that received exactly one offer. The two divisions are an editorial selection — all analysed divisions follow further below.
33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
75.4%
43 of 57
45Construction work
11.3%
87 of 768
Difference: 64.1 percentage points
Interpretation boundary: a high single-offer rate is a statistical observation. It does NOT prove waste, corruption, collusion or illegality — a single offer can have entirely benign causes (specialised subject matter, urgent needs, a limited market). Public institutions are named only where the underlying facts are neutral and verified.
Overall baseline: basic modes combined
Basic modes under Art. 275 PZP: procedures conducted without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1) and procedures where the law permits negotiations (art. 275 pkt 2 — a negotiation stage is permitted, not mandatory), plus their combination.
Basic modes combined
23.9%
- Procedures (n)
- 1,761
- Single-offer procedures
- 421
- Zero-offer procedures
- 0
Basic mode without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1 PZP)
24.6%
- Procedures (n)
- 1,425
- Single-offer procedures
- 351
- Zero-offer procedures
- 0
Basic mode where negotiations are permitted (art. 275 pkt 2 PZP)
20.8%
- Procedures (n)
- 336
- Single-offer procedures
- 70
- Zero-offer procedures
- 0
Reading the numbers: the denominator (n) is the number of procedures in the group; the numerator (single) counts procedures that received exactly one offer; the rate is the numerator divided by the denominator. Zero counts procedures that received no offers at all.
Single-offer rate by week (basic modes combined)
Bars represent the single-offer rate on a 0–100% scale.
By CPV division
The rate column is the share of eligible single-lot procedures in basic modes that received exactly one offer, with its numerator and denominator. Divisions are ordered from the highest rate. Part-level figures are a different measure and are kept in the technical details.
| CPV division | Procedures (n) | Single-offer procedures | Single-offer rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products | 57 | 43 | 75.4% |
| 38Laboratory, optical and precision equipment (excluding glasses) | 19 | 12 | 63.2% |
| 34Transport equipment and auxiliary products to transportation | 96 | 51 | 53.1% |
| 48Software packages and information systems | 26 | 11 | 42.3% |
| 90Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental services | 69 | 27 | 39.1% |
| 79Business services: law, marketing, consulting, recruitment, printing and security | 39 | 6 | 15.4% |
| 45Construction work | 768 | 87 | 11.3% |
| 71Architectural, construction, engineering and inspection services | 96 | 10 | 10.4% |
Technical details by CPV division (part-level metrics, value coverage, value bands)
33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 470 of 683 (68.8%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 57 / 57 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 5 of 7 (71.4%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 5 of 7 (71.4%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 25 of 32 (78.1%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 7 of 10 (70.0%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 1 of 1 (100.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
34Transport equipment and auxiliary products to transportation
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 71 of 198 (35.9%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 96 / 96 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 3 of 6 (50.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 8 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 28 of 56 (50.0%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 17 of 22 (77.3%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 3 of 4 (75.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
38Laboratory, optical and precision equipment (excluding glasses)
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 19 of 36 (52.8%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 19 / 19 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 0 of 2 (0.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 1 of 1 (100.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 10 of 15 (66.7%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 1 of 1 (100.0%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 0 of 0
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
45Construction work
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 130 of 1,092 (11.9%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 768 / 768 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 4 of 13 (30.8%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 5 of 44 (11.4%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 40 of 359 (11.1%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 24 of 153 (15.7%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 13 of 158 (8.2%)
- above PLN 5 million: 1 of 41 (2.4%)
48Software packages and information systems
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 17 of 50 (34.0%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 26 / 26 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 2 of 3 (66.7%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 0
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 4 of 13 (30.8%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 3 of 8 (37.5%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 2 of 2 (100.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
71Architectural, construction, engineering and inspection services
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 42 of 216 (19.4%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 96 / 96 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 2 of 11 (18.2%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 19 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 6 of 58 (10.3%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 2 of 7 (28.6%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 0 of 1 (0.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
79Business services: law, marketing, consulting, recruitment, printing and security
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 11 of 74 (14.9%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 39 / 39 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 2 of 8 (25.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 5 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 1 of 15 (6.7%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 2 of 7 (28.6%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 1 of 4 (25.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
90Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental services
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 116 of 253 (45.9%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 69 / 69 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 0 of 2 (0.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 0 of 11 (0.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 9 of 28 (32.1%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 16 of 24 (66.7%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 2 of 4 (50.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
Part-level figures describe the parts (lots) of procedures, not whole procedures — their share is not a single-offer procedure rate.
Value bands use the contract value stated in field 8.2 of the result notice; procedures without a stated value are excluded, not counted as zero. Each band shows procedures with exactly one offer out of all eligible procedures in that band.
All acquisition modes
| Mode | Procedures (n) | Single-offer procedures | Zero-offer procedures | Single-offer rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic mode without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1 PZP) | 1,425 | 351 | 0 | 24.6% |
| Basic mode with possible negotiations (art. 275 pkt 2 PZP) | 336 | 70 | 0 | 20.8% |
| Framework agreement (art. 311 PZP) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% |
| Free-hand procurement (art. 305 in conjunction with art. 214 PZP) | 86 | 79 | 6 | 91.9% |
| Negotiations with a publication notice (art. 301 PZP) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 100.0% |
Modes outside the basic modes are shown for context and have a different legal character — a high single-offer rate in free-hand procurement (art. 305 in conjunction with art. 214 PZP) is not directly comparable with the basic modes.
Input population
| Source notices in the input corpus | 7,084 |
|---|---|
| Distinct procedures | 7,050 |
| Procedures with more than one notice | 18 |
| Notices without a process identifier | 0 |
| Outcome: Contract awarded | 5,567 |
| Outcome: Procedure cancelled | 1,460 |
| Outcome: Outcome not determined | 57 |
This report does NOT describe all Polish public procurement: the analysis corpus covers only the BZP notices acquired for the declared source window and the analytics definition's source family; notices that cannot be attributed to a procedure are counted separately above and never silently dropped.
Methodology and source disclosures
- Source
- Biuletyn Zamówień Publicznych (BZP) — the Polish public procurement bulletin
- Analysed population
- Single-lot procedures in basic modes (art. 275 PZP) with a determined outcome. Procedures entering the single-offer rate: 1,761.
- What the rate means
- The share of eligible procedures that received exactly one offer, out of all eligible procedures in the group (single divided by n).
- Declared coverage
- 7 days covered, 0 declared uncovered or not proven complete in the published window.
Technical details: versions, revisions, fingerprints, corpus
- Analytic definition
competition_statistics(1.0.0)- Algorithm version
1.1.0- Source-version selection policy
latest_html_then_highest_version_then_latest_acquired- Publication revision
- 20
- Source revision (input freshness)
- unknown
- Source revision bound to this snapshot
- unknown
- Declared coverage
acquisition_manifest_reconciled— 7 days covered, 0 declared uncovered or not proven complete in the published window.- Input corpus
- selected records: 7,084 · captures seen: 34,050 · content-hash conflicts (source corrections): 0
- Corpus identity (semantic hash)
sha256:0f78ab7dcdcdd82f459085bf50ec8f834c0f42c2a3ecd3bc56f202679d95e4c6- Source-state fingerprint
sha256:0f78ab7dcdcdd82f459085bf50ec8f834c0f42c2a3ecd3bc56f202679d95e4c6
Source: the Polish public procurement bulletin (BZP), acquired through the governed acquisition pipeline; every number on this page is read from one immutable published snapshot and is never recomputed by the website.
Limitations: the report covers only the declared source window and the acquisition modes listed; contract values use field 8.2 of the result notice only — estimates are never substituted; published corrections change the source revision and lead to a new snapshot rather than editing this one.