Public procurement analysis
A single offer in public procurement. How widely do sectors differ?
An analysis of 9,428 single-lot procedures in basic modes, identified from 17,209 unique notices in the Polish Public Procurement Bulletin (BZP).
Reporting period: 5 Sept 2026 — 17 Oct 2026
Snapshot identity: sha256:c419de03790c99ce452d76ee50e7780bf2745f38ce7c0fddd5181267929b9149
Sector comparison: medical equipment (CPV 33) and construction (CPV 45)
The figures are the share of eligible single-lot procedures in basic modes that received exactly one offer. The two divisions are an editorial selection — all analysed divisions follow further below.
33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
70.6%
218 of 309
45Construction work
11.4%
515 of 4,539
Difference: 59.2 percentage points
Interpretation boundary: a high single-offer rate is a statistical observation. It does NOT prove waste, corruption, collusion or illegality — a single offer can have entirely benign causes (specialised subject matter, urgent needs, a limited market). Public institutions are named only where the underlying facts are neutral and verified.
Overall baseline: basic modes combined
Basic modes under Art. 275 PZP: procedures conducted without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1) and procedures where the law permits negotiations (art. 275 pkt 2 — a negotiation stage is permitted, not mandatory), plus their combination.
Basic modes combined
22.4%
- Procedures (n)
- 9,428
- Single-offer procedures
- 2,110
- Zero-offer procedures
- 6
Basic mode without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1 PZP)
22.8%
- Procedures (n)
- 7,589
- Single-offer procedures
- 1,732
- Zero-offer procedures
- 3
Basic mode where negotiations are permitted (art. 275 pkt 2 PZP)
20.6%
- Procedures (n)
- 1,839
- Single-offer procedures
- 378
- Zero-offer procedures
- 3
Reading the numbers: the denominator (n) is the number of procedures in the group; the numerator (single) counts procedures that received exactly one offer; the rate is the numerator divided by the denominator. Zero counts procedures that received no offers at all.
Single-offer rate by week (basic modes combined)
Bars represent the single-offer rate on a 0–100% scale.
By CPV division
The rate column is the share of eligible single-lot procedures in basic modes that received exactly one offer, with its numerator and denominator. Divisions are ordered from the highest rate. Part-level figures are a different measure and are kept in the technical details.
| CPV division | Procedures (n) | Single-offer procedures | Single-offer rate |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products | 309 | 218 | 70.6% |
| 38Laboratory, optical and precision equipment (excluding glasses) | 116 | 75 | 64.7% |
| 34Transport equipment and auxiliary products to transportation | 431 | 211 | 49.0% |
| 48Software packages and information systems | 175 | 81 | 46.3% |
| 90Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental services | 201 | 78 | 38.8% |
| 71Architectural, construction, engineering and inspection services | 597 | 110 | 18.4% |
| 79Business services: law, marketing, consulting, recruitment, printing and security | 225 | 32 | 14.2% |
| 45Construction work | 4,539 | 515 | 11.4% |
Technical details by CPV division (part-level metrics, value coverage, value bands)
33Medical equipment, pharmaceuticals and personal care products
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 1,923 of 3,270 (58.8%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 309 / 309 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 9 of 34 (26.5%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 19 of 37 (51.4%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 148 of 187 (79.1%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 39 of 47 (83.0%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 3 of 3 (100.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 1 (0.0%)
34Transport equipment and auxiliary products to transportation
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 268 of 676 (39.6%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 431 / 431 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 6 of 10 (60.0%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 10 of 23 (43.5%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 130 of 292 (44.5%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 53 of 87 (60.9%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 12 of 19 (63.2%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
38Laboratory, optical and precision equipment (excluding glasses)
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 185 of 358 (51.7%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 116 / 116 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 6 of 21 (28.6%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 9 of 11 (81.8%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 51 of 68 (75.0%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 7 of 13 (53.9%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 2 of 3 (66.7%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
45Construction work
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 775 of 6,324 (12.3%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 4,539 / 4,539 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 7 of 77 (9.1%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 23 of 234 (9.8%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 242 of 1,891 (12.8%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 123 of 968 (12.7%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 99 of 1,110 (8.9%)
- above PLN 5 million: 21 of 259 (8.1%)
48Software packages and information systems
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 134 of 307 (43.7%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 175 / 175 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 1 of 17 (5.9%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 8 of 20 (40.0%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 44 of 94 (46.8%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 21 of 34 (61.8%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 7 of 10 (70.0%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
71Architectural, construction, engineering and inspection services
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 209 of 1,047 (20.0%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 597 / 597 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 17 of 101 (16.8%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 16 of 85 (18.8%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 58 of 326 (17.8%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 15 of 61 (24.6%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 3 of 16 (18.8%)
- above PLN 5 million: 1 of 8 (12.5%)
79Business services: law, marketing, consulting, recruitment, printing and security
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 73 of 370 (19.7%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 225 / 225 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 1 of 41 (2.4%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 5 of 33 (15.2%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 15 of 97 (15.5%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 6 of 33 (18.2%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 5 of 21 (23.8%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
90Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental services
- Single-lot procedures (part level)
- 194 of 441 (44.0%)
- Known contract values (field 8.2)
- 201 / 201 · excluded, no field 8.2 value: 0
- Contract-value bands (field 8.2 only)
- up to PLN 50 thousand: 2 of 13 (15.4%)
- PLN 50–130 thousand: 4 of 15 (26.7%)
- PLN 130–500 thousand: 38 of 101 (37.6%)
- PLN 0.5–1 million: 27 of 61 (44.3%)
- PLN 1–5 million: 7 of 11 (63.6%)
- above PLN 5 million: 0 of 0
Part-level figures describe the parts (lots) of procedures, not whole procedures — their share is not a single-offer procedure rate.
Value bands use the contract value stated in field 8.2 of the result notice; procedures without a stated value are excluded, not counted as zero. Each band shows procedures with exactly one offer out of all eligible procedures in that band.
All acquisition modes
| Mode | Procedures (n) | Single-offer procedures | Zero-offer procedures | Single-offer rate |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basic mode without negotiations (art. 275 pkt 1 PZP) | 7,589 | 1,732 | 3 | 22.8% |
| Basic mode, variant under art. 275 pkt 3 PZP | 4 | 2 | 0 | 50.0% |
| Basic mode with possible negotiations (art. 275 pkt 2 PZP) | 1,839 | 378 | 3 | 20.6% |
| Framework agreement (art. 311 PZP) | 5 | 3 | 0 | 60.0% |
| Free-hand procurement (art. 305 in conjunction with art. 214 PZP) | 380 | 364 | 13 | 95.8% |
| Innovation partnership (art. 297 PZP) | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.0% |
| Negotiations with a publication notice (art. 301 PZP) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 40.0% |
Modes outside the basic modes are shown for context and have a different legal character — a high single-offer rate in free-hand procurement (art. 305 in conjunction with art. 214 PZP) is not directly comparable with the basic modes.
Input population
| Source notices in the input corpus | 17,209 |
|---|---|
| Distinct procedures | 17,096 |
| Procedures with more than one notice | 101 |
| Notices without a process identifier | 0 |
| Outcome: Contract awarded | 13,692 |
| Outcome: Procedure cancelled | 3,423 |
| Outcome: Outcome not determined | 94 |
This report does NOT describe all Polish public procurement: the analysis corpus covers only the BZP notices acquired for the declared source window and the analytics definition's source family; notices that cannot be attributed to a procedure are counted separately above and never silently dropped.
Methodology and source disclosures
- Source
- Biuletyn Zamówień Publicznych (BZP) — the Polish public procurement bulletin
- Analysed population
- Single-lot procedures in basic modes (art. 275 PZP) with a determined outcome. Procedures entering the single-offer rate: 9,428.
- What the rate means
- The share of eligible procedures that received exactly one offer, out of all eligible procedures in the group (single divided by n).
- Declared coverage
- 43 days covered, 0 declared uncovered or not proven complete in the published window.
Technical details: versions, revisions, fingerprints, corpus
- Analytic definition
competition_statistics(1.0.0)- Algorithm version
1.1.0- Source-version selection policy
latest_html_then_highest_version_then_latest_acquired- Publication revision
- 1
- Source revision (input freshness)
- unknown
- Source revision bound to this snapshot
- unknown
- Declared coverage
gate1_declared_contiguous_window— 43 days covered, 0 declared uncovered or not proven complete in the published window.; declared uncovered days: 1 Sept 2026, 4 Sept 2026- Input corpus
- selected records: 17,209 · captures seen: 105,894 · content-hash conflicts (source corrections): 6,059
- Corpus identity (semantic hash)
sha256:ed8cf4589393bf9ed98c3617f6bfaace40aba8cdf5daa9ae70587155335d3e07- Source-state fingerprint
sha256:532d3208ff69692000a57c8d8fff8b5d027437f511f5d313c01db00f85da4422
Source: the Polish public procurement bulletin (BZP), acquired through the governed acquisition pipeline; every number on this page is read from one immutable published snapshot and is never recomputed by the website.
Limitations: the report covers only the declared source window and the acquisition modes listed; contract values use field 8.2 of the result notice only — estimates are never substituted; published corrections change the source revision and lead to a new snapshot rather than editing this one.